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Surrealism
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Surrealism, which had many international manifestations and which began as a literary movement before developing into an artistic one, was pioneered in France under the leadership of André Breton in the 1920s.
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Victor Brauner,
Consciousness of Shock,
April 1951.
Wax encaustic on hardboard, 25 1/4 x 31 1/2 inches.
Peggy Guggenheim Collection.
76.2553.113.
Victor Brauner © 2007 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York/ADAGP, Paris.
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A symbolic struggle is expressed between the human and bird halves of the hybrid form in Consciousness of Shock, in which Victor Brauner portrays a complex boat-shaped figure in the course of battling for control of itself. Drawn in the schematic profile style of Egyptian hieroglyphs, a large androgynous head unites with the raised prow of a boat elaborated with breasts. The body of the vessel, directed by rudderlike legs and feet, merges at the stern with the upright body of a bird. Two powerful hands, at the ends of crossed arms, suppress the internal battle by restraining the limbs of the bird, while a third hand doggedly forges progress along the river by paddling. Thus, in keeping with the nature of much psychic conflict, a difficult internal struggle is self-contained, while the vessel-self continues along a predetermined route.
Nicolas Calas has suggested that Brauner was inspired by two Egyptian themes, the “Sun Barge” and the “Heavenly Vault,” in the creation of this image.1 While a generalized Egyptian style undoubtedly influenced Brauner’s imagery, it seems more likely that the artist derived this fantastic visual vocabulary from his own imagination, rather from specific art-historical sources.
Elizabeth C. Childs
1. N. and E. Calas, The Peggy Guggenheim Collection of Modern Art, New York, 1966, pp. 124–25.
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